Located in the Andes Mountains, shrouded by clouds and surrounded by lush, emerald green mountains, lies one of the world’s most enigmatic and mesmerizing archaeological wonders: Machu Picchu. Often referred to as the “Lost City of the Incas,” this astonishing UNESCO World Heritage site continues to captivate historians, archaeologists, and travelers alike.
In this article, we delve into the enthralling history of Machu Picchu, retracing the steps of its ancient inhabitants and unraveling the mysteries of the Inca Empire. Join us as we journey back in time to a civilization that, despite its abrupt collapse, left behind an awe-inspiring legacy that continues to fascinate and inspire people from all around the globe.
The history of Machu Picchu starts in the 15th century, under Emperor Pachacuti’s reign. Situated in present-day Peru, it is nestled 2,430 meters (7,972 feet) above sea level. This remarkable location offers breathtaking views of the surrounding landscape.
The ancient city of Cusco served as the capital of the Inca Empire. Machu Picchu, located around 80 kilometers (49 miles) northwest of Cusco, was a vital part of this vast empire. However, the exact purpose of the site remains a mystery, with theories ranging from a religious sanctuary to an astronomical observatory. Thus, the history of Machu Picchu still has much to unravel.
Construction commenced around 1450 AD, during the height of the Inca civilization. The site was meticulously designed to blend harmoniously with the surrounding environment. This architectural philosophy showcases the Incas’ deep respect for nature.
Additionally, to build Machu Picchu, the Incas utilized an ingenious technique known as ashlar masonry. This method involved carving stones to fit together without the use of mortar. The result was a remarkably stable and earthquake-resistant structure.
The city comprises over 200 buildings, including temples, palaces, and homes. Among the most iconic structures are the Temple of the Sun and the Temple of the Three Windows. These sacred spaces were dedicated to the worship of Inti, the Inca sun god.
The agricultural terraces are another distinctive feature of Machu Picchu. These terraces, carved into the mountainside, provided fertile ground for crops. Thus, this innovative design allowed the Incas to cultivate food in the challenging Andean terrain.
Machu Picchu’s proximity to the Sacred Valley was also significant. The valley, regarded as the spiritual center of the Inca Empire, contained numerous temples and religious sites. Machu Picchu’s strategic location enabled it to serve as a nexus between Cusco and the Sacred Valley.
The Inca Empire, spanning from the 13th to the 16th century, was known for its remarkable architectural prowess. Inca builders developed advanced techniques that allowed them to create long-lasting and earthquake-resistant structures.
One such technique was ashlar masonry, used extensively in Machu Picchu. Inca craftsmen carved stones with precision, creating snug fits without the need for mortar. Thus, this method granted extraordinary stability to their buildings.
Another innovative technique was the use of trapezoidal shapes in doors and windows. This design choice provided additional resilience against earthquakes, ensuring the structures would stand the test of time.
The Incas also employed the concept of “hitched” corners in their walls. They built cornerstones to interlock with one another, providing even more strength and stability to their constructions.
Water management was another area where the Inca architects excelled. They designed intricate systems of canals, fountains, and drainage channels that supplied fresh water to the city and prevented flooding.
These architectural techniques were complemented by a strong emphasis on symbolism. Inca buildings often integrated natural elements into their design, reflecting the civilization’s deep connection with the environment.
For instance, the Temple of the Sun at Machu Picchu was built around a massive rock. This rock was carefully integrated into the temple’s structure, symbolizing the unity between nature and human craftsmanship.
Another example is the Intihuatana stone, a ritual sundial. This sacred monument was used to predict solstices and equinoxes, demonstrating the Incas’ advanced understanding of astronomy and their reverence for celestial events.
Inca architecture also displayed a high level of artistic expression. Builders used intricately carved stones, elaborate patterns, and decorative elements to adorn their structures, reflecting the rich cultural heritage of the Inca Empire. Thus, the history of Machu Picchu is interlocked with the unique architecture of the site.
Machu Picchu’s abandonment remains shrouded in mystery. Scholars believe that the site was deserted by the Incas around the time of the Spanish conquest in the 16th century. Despite the empire’s collapse, the Spanish never discovered the hidden city, leaving it largely intact.
Over the centuries, the jungle slowly reclaimed Machu Picchu, obscuring its existence from the outside world. Local indigenous communities were aware of the site, but it remained largely unknown to the global community.
That all changed in 1911, when American explorer Hiram Bingham stumbled upon the ancient citadel. His rediscovery brought Machu Picchu to the world’s attention and sparked a renewed interest in Inca culture and history.
Since then, archaeologists and historians have worked tirelessly to uncover the secrets of Machu Picchu. Their research has provided valuable insights into the lives of the Incas and the incredible engineering feats they accomplished.
Today, Machu Picchu is a UNESCO World Heritage site and one of the most popular tourist destinations globally. Each year, thousands of visitors flock to the ancient city to witness its architectural splendor and absorb the enchanting atmosphere.
The modern-day fascination with Machu Picchu is a testament to the lasting allure of the Inca Empire. The site continues to captivate and inspire, drawing travelers from all corners of the globe.
As you explore the history of Machu Picchu, consider extending your journey to other nearby attractions. Manu National Park and Tambopata are two extraordinary destinations that showcase the rich biodiversity of the Peruvian Amazon. These pristine rainforests offer a unique opportunity to experience the natural beauty of Peru, complementing your visit to the mesmerizing ancient city of Machu Picchu.
